Abusive Supervision a Non-profit Agency - 2858 Words

I have worked for a non-profit agency for approximately 4 years. The agency is funded by the state of Ohio under the Department of Children and Families. In 2012, the agency was expanded and now consists of approximately 55 employees. Employees range from an Executive Director, seven Supervisors, and other support staff. Prior to 2012 the agency served only up to 200 children and families and the expansion created no cap to referrals that now average upwards of 600 children. With this expansion came many new employees and supervisory changes to the agency. At this point I had already been with the agency under one supervisor and had flourished. I quickly became a leader at the agency and mentored many of the newer staff members.†¦show more content†¦A lack of appropriate supervision is the biggest issue now faced at my agency. As defined in Navigating Human Service Organizations, â€Å"A supervisor is person assigned responsibility to carry out the supervision functions with authority to do so prescribed by the agency† (Furman Gibelman, 2013, p. 94). Supervisors should possess relevant skills in order to motivate employees while fulfilling the agencies mission. It was agreed early on that supervision would occur biweekly after another mandatory meeting both my supervisor and myself attend. For the most part, if I do not initiate having supervision my supervisor does not mention it. A recent example of this occurred after said mandatory meeting. My supervisor and I were waiting for the elevator and I asked if he would be coming up with my in order to have supervision and he replied stating he had a few minut es. Again, I felt a lack of support and interest on the part of my supervisor. When supervision does occur, if I do not lead in discussion, my supervisor will sit quiet. In addition, there is now a lack of feeling I am part of a team or agency. I have been told I cannot attend each monthly staff meeting as my role in the agency requires to be present at another location. There are also committee meetings I cannot take part in as I am told I am needed at my other location. When these feelings are addressed with my supervisor I have been told I am not being a team player and have a negative attitude. I have askedShow MoreRelatedDodd Frank1299 Words   |  6 Pagesimplementing rules and regulations to improve accountability and transparency. Dodd Frank mainly addresses issues dealing with ending the too big to fail banks, protecting the American taxpayer by ending bailouts, ensuring consumers safety from abusive financial services practices, and for other related purposes. 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The Current Economic Arguments And Concerns Around Binge...

Introduction The purpose of the following report is to illustrate the current economic arguments and concerns around binge drinking in Australia. This is then followed by looking at the method of introducing an ‘alcopop’ tax aimed at reducing the amount of binge drinking in Australia. The report will use a large variety of research articles, economic theories and models to report on this issue. The purpose of this economics report is to illustrate the economic concerns and arguments around smoking in Australia and the methods of taxing aimed at reducing the smoking rate. The report will use a variety of research articles, economic theories and models to report on this issue so that the CEO of the Cancer Council of Australia has a thorough understanding. The Issue of Binge Drinking in Today’s Society Research has stated that â€Å"young adults aged between18-24, attending University and/or young women are most at risk of being binge drinkers in Australia and 25% of the general population of Australia are at risk of obtaining a drinking problem.† (Davies, O’Hara, Raciti, Reinhard, Sharma, 2012) Today’s society is seeing the risks and issues coming from the alcoholic behaviours of youths in Australia and binge drinking is the biggest problem. Binge drinking can and will lead to rises in health and legal costs because of treatment for preventable crimes, injuries and diseases caused by the negative effects of alcohol consumption. The cheap cost of alcopops in Australia encouragesShow MoreRelatedCausal Argument Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Causal Argument: Will Lowering the Drinking Age Solve the Problem of Binge Drinking among College Students? 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Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Land Use Change Free Essays

SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF LAND USE CHANGE: THE CASE OF CALAMBA CITY, LAGUNA A Research Proposal I. INTRODUCTION A. Significance of the Study Land and its uses are essential to all human communities. We will write a custom essay sample on Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Land Use Change or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every person is shaped in a range of ways by the landscape in which they live, and the products and resources produced on the land. Land and its uses are particularly important for rural communities, where many people are directly dependent on land for their livelihood, and the way land is used has a central role in defining the identity of an area and its community. Land as defined by FAO (1976) is â€Å"an area of earth’s surface, the characteristics which embrace all reasonably stable or predictably cyclic attributes of the biosphere vertically above and below this area, including those of the atmosphere, the soil, the underlying geology, the hydrology, the plant and animal population and the results of the past and present human activity, to the extent that these attributes influence on the present and future use of the land†. Land is an important element on earth that is involved in every human activity. This refers to land use. Land use defined in this way establishes a direct link between land cover and the actions of people in their environment (Di Gregorio Jansen, 1998). In restrictive terms, it refers to those activities of man on, in, over and under the earth’s surface that tend to change the natural state of the land (Serote, 2004). Land use change is a general term for the human modification of Earth’s terrestrial surface. Though humans have been modifying land to obtain food and other essentials for thousands of years, current rates, extents and intensities of land use change are far greater than ever in history, driving unprecedented changes in ecosystems and environmental processes at local, regional and global scales. These changes encompass the greatest environmental concerns of human populations today, including  climate change,  biodiversity  loss and the pollution of water, soils and air (Williams et al. , 2008). Land use change can either be by natural cause or man induced. Land use changes made in land imply impact both on human and environment. In socioeconomic terms, land is one of three major factors of production in classical economics (along with labor and capital) and an essential input for housing and food production. Thus, land use is the backbone of agricultural economies and it provides substantial economic and social benefits. Land use conversion is necessary and essential for economic development and social progress. This land use conversion results to land use change. Environmentally speaking, land–use changes are arguably the most pervasive socioeconomic force driving changes and degradation of ecosystems. Deforestation, urban development, agriculture, and other human activities have substantially altered the Earth’s landscape. Such disturbance of the land affects important ecosystem processes and services, which can have wide–ranging and long–term consequences. There are already studies that have been conducted to determine the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of land use changes in their own respective localities or area of interest. It has been one of the major issues today. According to Sala et al. , (2000) land-use changes are so pervasive that, when aggregated globally, they significantly affect key aspects of Earth System functioning. They directly impact biotic diversity worldwide contribute to local and regional climate change (Chase et al. , 1999) as well as to global climate warming (Houghton et al. 1999); are the primary source of soil degradation (Tolba et al. , 1992); and, by altering ecosystem services, affect the ability of biological systems to support human needs (as cited by Lambin et al. , 2001). Calamba, as a fast growing city in Laguna had made different land use changes in its locality. Land use changes here occur due to different conversion of agricultural based lands into industrial and commercial uses. Differ ent natural phenomenon like flooding contributed also it the changes in land in Calamba. With this development, there are many impacts that took place. In this study, it would primarily focus on the impacts of land-use change in ten different barangays of Calamba City, Laguna. Identifying the impacts of land-use change would help the local government unit to make necessary actions to either improve positive or prevent negative impacts in the said locality. Proper policy actions can be developed, too. The results of the study will provide information to researchers, planners and decision makers for better comprehensive land use planning. B. Review of Literature This section has literature related to the research study. Different books, journal articles reports were investigated to conceptualize and explore knowledge gap in the study of land use change at the local context Land-use and land-cover change induced by both human activities and natural feedbacks have converted large proportion of the planet’s land surface (Shi, 2008). Land Use and Land Use Change Every parcel of land on the Earth’s surface is unique in the cover it possesses. Land use and land cover are distinct yet closely linked characteristics of the Earth’s surface. Land use is the manner in which human beings employ the land and its resources. Examples of land use include agriculture, urban development, grazing, logging, and mining. In contrast, land cover describes the physical state of the land surface. Land cover categories include cropland, forests, wetlands, pasture, roads, and urban areas. The term land cover originally referred to the kind and state of vegetation, such as forest or grass cover, but it has broadened in subsequent usage to include human structures such as buildings or pavement and other aspects of the natural environment, such as soil type, biodiversity, and surface and groundwater (Meyer, 1995). Land use affects land cover and changes in land cover affect land use. A change in either, however, is not necessarily the product of the other. Changes in land cover by land use do not necessarily imply a degradation of the land. However, many shifting land use patterns, driven by a variety of social causes, result in land cover changes that affect biodiversity, water and radiation budgets, trace gas emissions and other processes that, cumulatively, affect global climate and biosphere (Riebsame, Meyer, Turner, 1994). Land cover can be altered by forces other than anthropogenic. Natural events such as weather, flooding, fire, climate fluctuations, and ecosystem dynamics may also initiate modifications upon land cover. Globally, land cover today is altered principally by direct human use: by agriculture and livestock raising, forest harvesting and management, and urban and suburban construction and development. There are also incidental impacts on land cover from other human activities such as forests and lakes damaged by acid rain from fossil fuel combustion (Meyer, 1995). Changes in land cover driven by land use can be categorized into two types: modification and conversion. Modification is a change of condition within a cover type; for example, unmanaged forest modified to a forest managed by selective cutting. Significant modifications of land cover can occur within these patterns of land cover change. Conversion is a change from one cover type to another, such as deforestation to create cropland or pasture. Conversion land cover changes such as deforestation have been the focus of many global change research agendas (Riebsame, Meyer and Turner, 1994). Serote in 2004 stated that conversion of land on the other hand can be classified into irreversible and reversible conversion. It is reversible if the soil cover and landforms are not substantially changed and therefore present a variety of options for future reuse (for example croplands can be converted to pastures and reverted to croplands again as the need arises). Irreversible conversion occurs when the original character of the land is changed to such a degree that the reversal to its former use or condition becomes very difficult if not impossible. Example of this is open pit mining and quarrying. The loss of rainforests throughout the tropical regions of the world as a result of deforestation for timber resources and conversion to agricultural lands has become a topic of global attention with the aid of widespread media coverage. Research specialists such as Skole and Tucker (1993), Skole et al. (1994), and Kummer and Turner (1994) perform extensive studies in an attempt to bring further attention to this situation by focusing on the social implications and the environmental degradation associated with tropical deforestation in the Amazon of South America and in Southeast Asia. Yet, with all the research, awareness, and attention of the world, this potentially devastating phenomenon continues. Modeling land use change In a research study ma de by Lim, Pijanowski and Engel in 2005, they employed a land use model called Land Transformation Model (LTM). The LTM model is designed to forecast land use change over large regions. It relies on GIS, artificial neural network routines (ANNs), remote sensing and customized geospatial tools. The driving variables include a variety of social, political and environmental factors, such as distance to transportation, proximity to amenities (such as rivers, lakes, and recreational site), density of surrounding agriculture, exclusive zones, and population growth. Information derived from an historical analysis of land use change is used to conduct forecast studies. The model is a desk top computer application, and it mainly follows four sequential steps: (1) processing/coding of data to create spatial layers of predictor variables; (2) applying spatial rules that relate predictor variables to land use transitions for each location in an area; the resultant layers contain input variables values in grid format; (3) integrating all input grids using one of the three techniques, including multi-criteria evaluation, ANNs, and logistic regression; and (4) temporally scaling the amount of transitions in the study area in order to create a time series of possible future land uses. Detailed descriptions of the LTM can be found elsewhere (Pijanowski et al. , 2000) The LTM model has been applied and validated in a variety of locations around the world to help understand what factors are most important to land use changes and to simulate land use change in the past, present and future (Pijanowski et al. , 2000). It also offers the ability to link changes in land use to ecological process models, such as groundwater flow and solute transport (Boutt et al. , 2001) and forest cover change (Brown et al. , 2000). Urbanization and Land Use Change At least two broad urbanization pathways lead to different impacts on rural landscapes. In the developed world, large-scale urban agglomerations and extended peri-urban settlements fragment the landscapes of such large areas that various ecosystem processes are threatened. Ecosystem fragmentation, however, in peri-urban areas may be offset by urban-led demands for conservation and recreational land uses (Sack, 1992). Urbanization affects land change elsewhere through the transformation of urban-rural linkages. Urbanization in the less-developed world outbids all other uses for land adjacent to the city, including prime croplands. Cities attract a significant proportion of the rural population by way of permanent and circulatory migration, and the wages earned in the city are often remitted by migrants to rural homelands, in some cases transforming the use of croplands and creating ‘‘remittance landscapes’’. Perhaps most importantly, this urbanization changes ways of life ultimately E. F. Lambin et al. , (2001) associated with demographic transitions, increasing expectations about consumption, and potentially a weakened understanding of production–consumption relationships noted for the well-developed world. Rapid land-use changes often coincide with the incorporation of a region into an expanding world economy (Lambin, et al. , 2001). Remote Sensing In the broadest sense, remote sensing is the measurement or acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by a recording device that is not in physical or intimate contact with the object. It is the utilization at a distance (as from aircraft, spacecraft, satellite, or ship) of any device for gathering information about the environment. The technique can make use of devices such as a camera, laser, radar, sonar, seismograph or a gravimeter. Modern remote sensing normally includes digital processes but can be done as well with non-digital methods. While all astronomy could be considered remote sensing (in fact, extremely remote sensing) the term â€Å"remote sensing† is normally only applied to terrestrial observations. Examples of remote sensing are very numerous. For example: a. Topographic maps were often produced from stereographic pairs of aerial photographs. Trained personnel would then trace the shape of the land into maps. b. Earthquakes are located (after the fact) by comparing seismograms taken at different locations; the relative intensity and precise timing yield information about the location and nature. c. Digital elevation maps can be produced by interferometric synthetic aperture radar, a process in which an aircraft, spacecraft or satellite passes over the target area while emitting a series of radar pulses. Combining the data from these pulses yields a detailed map containing information about ground cover and possibly elevation or movement on a scale of centimeters. The data usually covers a many kilometers wide (Gupta Parakash 1998). Profile of the City Calamba City is a first class city in the province of Laguna, Philippines. Situated only 54 kilometers south of Manila, about an hour by chartered bus, Calamba City is a popular tourist destination with its hot spring resorts. It also an important modern industrial center in CALABARZON region as shown by the larger number of industrial parks and business estates that are located in the city. According to 2006 census, it has a population of 360,281 inhabitants. CLUP, 2010-2015) It is reported that this city is among the fastest growing urban centers in the Region. Calamba city is famous for its historical tribute as the hometown of our national hero. According to the NAMRIA in 1999, residential sector takes up 48% of the total land area, while 44% is allotted for Industrial use. The commercial sector only consumes 3% of the total land area – the other 5% consist of other land uses. C. Obj ectives of the Study The general objective of this study is to determine the socio-economic and environmental impacts of land-use conversion at the local level. Specifically, this study endeavors; 1) To map out the current land use situation of Calamba City using GIS (to see the historical land use situation of the said locality); 2) To identify both the positive and negative impacts of land-use conversion in six barangays of Calamba City; 3) To identify causes of land-use conversions and land use change; 4) To assess the existing policy and mitigation strategies to the impacts of land use conversion; and 5) To propose recommendations on comprehensive land use planning of Calamba City. D. Date and Place of Study The survey and other data gathering method (Key informant interviews and focus group discussion) will be conducted from June, 2012 to August, 2012 in selected barangays in Calamba City. Analysis and interpretation of data will be done from September, 2012 to November 2012. The researcher aims to finish the study by January, 2013. II. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY A. Materials Secondary Maps of 1:50,000 scale (Topographic, Land Use/Land Cover, Political boundary) †¢ Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) of Calamba City †¢ Satellite Imagery (30 meters resolution Terralook ASTER image) †¢ Geographic Information System (GIS) Software (ArcInfo Desktop) †¢ Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver †¢ Semi-structured questionnaires B. Methodology Secondary data collection Secondary data will be gathered primarily from the City of Calamba, Laguna to serve as baseline information for the study area. These shall include the CLUP report of Calamba City, secondary baseline maps in digital and print format (Topographic, Land Use/Land Cover, Political boundary). Other pertinent information (demographic, economic) shall be likewise collected and consolidated from other government agencies (National Statistics Coordination Board, Department of Interior and Local Government etc. ). Primary data collection The freely downloadable 30 meters resolution satellite imagery will be requested from United State Geological Society (USGS) website (http://glovis. usgs. gov). This shall be utilized in the generation of p-to-date land use map of the study area. ArcInfo Desktop GIS software shall be utilized in the generation of the baseline maps, spatial analyses and land use classification. All GIS maps shall have Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) North Zone 51 format projection and WGS1984 datum. Unsupervised image classification. An unsupervised image classification will be done for aster satell ite imagery. This image classification will serve as the basis for the supervised classification. These classifications will be validated thru ground truthing and high-resolution satellite imagery of google earth. Supervised classification. The training units or signatures of the different land uses will be prepared in ArcInfo Desktop by digitizing at least 100 polygons for each land uses. Supervised image classification will proceed using maximum likelihood method for the final landuse maps. Household survey, Key Informant Interview and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). Key Informant Interview (KII) will be conducted to selected LGU officials of the City of Calamba with emphasis on the issues and concerns related to land use, as well as the perceived socio-economic impacts of land use in their locality. Similarly, a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) will be done to gather relevant information base on the consensus of randomly selected barangay officials and residents of the City of Calamba. A random household survey will also be conducted using semi-structured questionnaire to gather basic household demographic information, as well as knowledge and perception on the socio-economic impacts of land use change. III. BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS |Particulars |Estimated Cost |Remarks | |I. Data Gathering | |   | |A. Travel |Php 9,000. 00 |Includes ground truthing and validation | |B. Supplies and Materials |4,000. 00 |   | |C. Sundries | |   | |1. Contractual services (field guide, enumerators) |12,000. 00 |Hiring of field guides and enumerator | |2. Photocopying |1,000. 00 |   | |II. Writing of Thesis | |   | |A. Computerization/Typing |4,000. 00 |   | |III. Reproduction/Printing |6,000. 00 |   | |TOTAL |Php36,000. 00 |   | REFERENCES Food and Agiculture Organization. 1976. Land quality indicators: aspects of land use, land, soil and plant nutrients. Rome, Italy (Retrieved from http://www. fao. org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e0b. htm) Gupta, R. P. , Prakash, A. 998, Reflection aureoles associated with thermal anomalies due to subsurface mine fires in the Jharia Coalfield, India. International Journal of Remote Sensing, pp. 2619-2622. Lambin, E. F. , Turner II, B. L. , Geist, H. J. , Agbola, S. B. , Angelsen, A. , Bruce, J. W. , et al. , 2001. The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Global Environmental Change 11 (4), 261–269. Meyer, W. B. 1995. Past and Present Land-use and Land-cover in the U. S. A. (Retrieved from http://www. gsdi. rg/gsdiconf/gsdi10/papers/TS48. 1paper. pdf) Serote, E. M. 2004. Property, patrimony, and territory: Foundations of Land Use planning in the Philippines. School of Urban a nd Regional Planning, DIliman Quezon City. Shi, W. Z. 2008. Spatial Data Transformation in Urban Geographic Information Systems,  Technologies and Applications in Urban Geographical Information Systems. Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing House, 1996, pp. 59-69. Skole,D. L. Tucker, C. J. 1993. :Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the Amazon. Retrieved from http://www. ciesin. org/docs/002-115/002-115. html) Turner, B. L. Meyer, W. B. 1991. Land use and land cover in global environmental change: Considerations for study. International Social Sciences Journal 130, 669–667 Williams, M. Richardson, D. , Reichstein, M. , Stoy, P. C. , Peylin, P. , et al. ,2008. Improving land surface models with Fluxnet data. Published in Biogeosciences. (Retrieved from http://www. geos. ed. ac. uk/homes/pstoy/WilliamsBG09. pdf) ———————– C. Detailed Schedule of Activities How to cite Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Land Use Change, Essay examples

Lean Materials Planning and Execution †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Lean Materials Planning and Execution. Answer: Introduction Learning is a never ending process in which the student can acquire knowledge through studying independently in which the learning process takes place through motivating own self by enabling the inbuilt skills to understand and implement the knowledge. In this report, emphasis has been laid upon the ways in which learning takes place with the help of the peers and their experiences. Peer to peer learning is a new concept and it involves the student involvement and collaboration with the fellow students at the work place or an institution. Through proper engagement with other students and co-workers, the pace at which a particular task has to be understood increases (Rinto, Watts and Mitola, 2017). Whenever a particular activity has to be understood, there are different ways of performing management. Since, everybody has a different approach to accomplish it, there is a range of opinions shared between individuals which helps the individual to be creative and innovative (Guilmette, 20 07). Once the learning process is well understood and many ways to address a task are identified, the learner acquires the knowledge with a lot of interest and the speed at which it learns increases. It is essential to develop responsibility in the learners mind so that the planning to execute the particular task is done efficiently. The more the planning is clear; the better is the execution of the activity. Fostering peer to peer learning is the best way to inculcate independent learning which means that developing skills to find ways to work independently along with efficient collaboration and engagement with the fellow students. Knowledge is a repository of different point of views and different opinions which needs to be implemented using a flexible tactic i.e. learning through peers. When the willingness of achieving a goal is shared between many learners then the outcome is very accurate. This is due to the reason because one might not know what the other person knows about an issue. Combination of learning ability of different individuals develops a sense of initiative in the learners mind (Topping, Buchs, Duran and Keer, 2017). Motivating own self to gather information and come out with the idea encourages ability to exchange feedbacks, question each other on matters misunderstood which further enhances understanding at a deeper level. The individual when understands a concept in detail builds an ability to think more. This helps the learner to be more independent in taking initiative and be more proactive in identifying ways to remember things. In addition to this, learning from peers helps an individual to self-assess the style of learning and understanding because the feedbacks and others way to solve a particular problem help in making a comparison to own style of solving (Boud, David, Cohen and Sampson, 2014). The individual realises its shortcomings to address a particular task and tries to make improvements proactively through self-analysis and motivation management. The term independence in this context reveals that the individual through keen observation, questioning and sharing of knowledge develops confidence to carry out any activity by taking initiative to outperform in the area of improvement with the help of collaboration, group work and exchange of knowledge. Along with self-assessment and monitoring, the learner also encounters instances when it is given an opportunity to provide a comment to other peers on their way of executing a plan. When a person gets a chance to make a judgement for others work, the individual develops leadership skills in the learning process which is very essential in todays work environment. Having a skill set when other peer support and follow your ideas is equally important to monitoring own performance. This helps in exchanging knowledge with an open mind which encourages a learning environment in any organisation or an institution (Mullings, 2015). Apart from attaining good knowledge and developing initiative along with innovation, the learner becomes more empathetic which is also a part of independent learning. The individual becomes a team player rather than learning in isolation. Knowledge and learning is not limited to own self and the exposure to know the efforts of others gets enhanced too. In case there is an instance when a fellow student is not in a position to take initiative to take up an activity, then there is an understanding developed between peers to help each other which helps in attainment of better planning. Unity and team building ability is a very essential tool to achieve independent learning. When a work or a goal is distributed and allocated between the people then, there is an integration of various ideas, thoughts and methods leading to active learning (Brame and Biel, 2015). The source of getting information about a specific issue or objective gets widened and the learners feel the support of others i n gathering various point of views. Flexibility and adjustment is another very important characteristic which fosters independent learning. This is due to the fact because the learning or acquiring knowledge to perform takes place beyond the limitation of traditional way of working and thinking. When the information is shared it tends to nurture and flourish with the help of new approaches and methods gathered from shared efforts (Bushra, 2012). This inculcates the habit to make required changes as and when required in a particular thought process. The imagination and thinking ability of an individual widens and the learner embraces new challenges. This encourages the person to be more confident and self-reliant because his acceptance to face challenges independently increases. The process of flexibility in execution deals with a matter of great delicacy as it includes ones mind over putting thoughts into practicality (Sheldon 2007) Efficient Utilization of Fellow students Experience There is a big difference in acquiring information or understanding a concept theoretically and practically. Whenever a learner is challenged to accomplish a target, than it is evident that an experienced person would be able to handle it promptly in comparison to a new learner who is never performed it practically before. Therefore, learning with the help of peers through efficient utilization of others past experience is the best way to encourage learning. This further means that when an individual takes help of his colleague or a fellow student who is well equipped with the know-how and methodology to carry out a task, then the learner is enabled with finding out concepts which have scientific reasons behind them (Hernandez, 2010). These scientific reasons are already tested and proven as the concepts are practiced in the daily routine activities. This is due to the reason because an experienced individual has already learned and rectified his past mistakes (Wiggins, 2017). Going further, generalisations and conclusions are well identified based upon the shared experiences between a new and an experienced learner. This type of learning helps in mastering a particular concept. In order to attain expertise and specialization, in a particular area with the help of detailed study and exchange of ideas, it is essential to make the best out of the experiences of the fellow students (Nolte, 2016). There are many methods of utilization of experience of others. The most efficient way is effective communication amongst the learners or fellow students. Communicating in the form of clarification, argument, discussion and justification are the methods to explain any point. Whenever peer to peer learning takes place, the students get an opportunity to utilize the experience of fellow students with the help of explaining own way of perceiving to other students. This is done with the help of communication techniques stated above. These techniques enhance the students a bility to counter others opinions in case of any contradiction leading to development of learning ability. Giving justification to clarify and taking responsibility for any thought given by the student helps in independent learning. In addition, it is the experiences of other fellow students which further lead to create more ideas in the mind to give an argument, discussion or a conclusion (Falchikov, 2013). Through exchange of each others contributions in terms of their practical capabilities and expertise, students are able to develop an ability to debate, question and find better solutions to the problems as they learn from the past mistakes rectified by the other students. There are instances when students come across situations which disagree with their point of view. By observing and utilising the fellow students experiences, it is possible to gain an understanding and insight as to how to deal with such situations. Therefore, through exploring on areas where there is confusion with the help of others experiences is an efficient way of attaining a skill set like thinking at a higher level based on rectification of past errors (Buchem, 2014). Conclusion Learning and gaining knowledge in the form of collaborative efforts of students help in allowing a comfort of attaining team work. No task can be successful unless the concepts, ideas from various sources are gathered together and discussions are done upon them. This is the most efficient ways to inculcate active learning in the student as the best solution out of variety of solutions is derived with the help of combined learning. Learning through peers gives an opportunity to explore, develops an ability to think and question. The teaching process is better attained when one student tries to explain its approach of carrying out a task to another. This leads to an exchange of different ways and approaches to handle a situation leading clarify any doubts, miscommunication and misunderstandings. References Boud, David, Cohen, R., and Sampson, J. 2014. Peer Learning in Higher Education: Learning from and with Each Other. UK: Routledge, Pp. 21-35. Brame, C. J., and Biel, R. 2015. Group work: Using cooperative learning groups effectively. Accessed on: 30th September, 2017. Accessed from: https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/setting-up-and-facilitating-group-work-using-cooperative-learning-groups-effectively/ Buchem, I. 2014. Learning and Diversity in the Cities of the Future. UK: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, p. 258. Bushra, 2012. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pair And Group Work. Accessed on: 1st October, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.tutorhunt.com/resource/3199/ Falchikov, N. 2013. Improving Assessment through Student Involvement: Practical Solutions for Aiding Learning in Higher and Further Education. UK: Routledge. 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